Lithographically Controlled Liquid Metal Diffusion in Graphene

Fabrication and Magnetotransport Signatures of Superconductivity

verfasst von: Stefan Wundrack, Marc Bothe, Marcelo Jaime, Kathrin Küster, Markus Gruschwitz, Yefei Yin, Zamin Mamiyev, Philip Schädlich, Bharti Matta, Sawani Datta, Marius Eckert, Christoph Tegenkamp, Ulrich Starke, Rainer Stosch, Hans Werner Schumacher, Thomas Seyller, Klaus Pierz, Teresa Tschirner, Andrey Bakin
Abstract: Metal intercalation in epitaxial graphene enables the emergence of proximity-induced superconductivity and modified quantum transport properties. However, systematic transport studies of intercalated graphene have been hindered by challenges in device fabrication, including processing-induced deintercalation and instability under standard lithographic techniques. Here, a lithographically controlled intercalation approach is introduced that enables the scalable fabrication of gallium-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer graphene (QFBLG) Hall bar devices. By integrating lithographic structuring with subsequent intercalation through dedicated intercalation channels, this method ensures precise control over metal incorporation while preserving device integrity. Magnetotransport measurements reveal superconductivity with a critical temperature (Formula presented.) ≈ 3.5 K and the occurrence of a transverse resistance, including both symmetric and antisymmetric field components, which is attributed to the symmetric-in-field component of non-uniform currents. These results establish an advanced fabrication method for intercalated graphene devices, providing access to systematic investigations of confined 2D superconductivity and emergent electronic phases in van der Waals heterostructures.
Externe Organisation(en): Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
Technische Universität Braunschweig
Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung
Technische Universität Chemnitz
Typ: Artikel
Journal: Advanced materials
Band: 38
ISSN: 0935-9648
Publikationsdatum: 22.01.2026
Publikationsstatus: Veröffentlicht
Peer-reviewed: Ja
ASJC Scopus Sachgebiete: Allgemeine Materialwissenschaften, Werkstoffmechanik, Maschinenbau
Elektronische Version(en): https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202511992 (Zugang: Offen)

BibTeX

@article{6a594119167e42b6afe21f51dee3e9cd,
title = "Lithographically Controlled Liquid Metal Diffusion in Graphene: Fabrication and Magnetotransport Signatures of Superconductivity",
abstract = "Metal intercalation in epitaxial graphene enables the emergence of proximity-induced superconductivity and modified quantum transport properties. However, systematic transport studies of intercalated graphene have been hindered by challenges in device fabrication, including processing-induced deintercalation and instability under standard lithographic techniques. Here, a lithographically controlled intercalation approach is introduced that enables the scalable fabrication of gallium-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer graphene (QFBLG) Hall bar devices. By integrating lithographic structuring with subsequent intercalation through dedicated intercalation channels, this method ensures precise control over metal incorporation while preserving device integrity. Magnetotransport measurements reveal superconductivity with a critical temperature (Formula presented.) ≈ 3.5 K and the occurrence of a transverse resistance, including both symmetric and antisymmetric field components, which is attributed to the symmetric-in-field component of non-uniform currents. These results establish an advanced fabrication method for intercalated graphene devices, providing access to systematic investigations of confined 2D superconductivity and emergent electronic phases in van der Waals heterostructures.",
keywords = "confinement, graphene, Hall bar fabrication, intercalation, proximity, superconductivity",
author = "Stefan Wundrack and Marc Bothe and Marcelo Jaime and Kathrin K{\"u}ster and Markus Gruschwitz and Yefei Yin and Zamin Mamiyev and Philip Sch{\"a}dlich and Bharti Matta and Sawani Datta and Marius Eckert and Christoph Tegenkamp and Ulrich Starke and Rainer Stosch and Schumacher, {Hans Werner} and Thomas Seyller and Klaus Pierz and Teresa Tschirner and Andrey Bakin",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.",
year = "2026",
month = jan,
day = "22",
doi = "10.1002/adma.202511992",
language = "English",
volume = "38",
journal = "Advanced materials",
issn = "0935-9648",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "5",
}