Quantum Electrical Standards

Develop novel and improved quantum electrical standards for electrical current, electrical resistance, and voltage.

Contributions to QuantumFrontiers

Develop and evaluate new materials for electrical quantum standards (e.g. graphene, quantum anomalous Hall effect, ...),
Develop and provide on advanced measurement techniques and characterization capabilities for electrical quantum effects and quantum standards.
Development and optimization of semiconductor based single electron pumps for quantized current generation.
Studies of single electron transport and transport statistics using single electron detectors.
Studies of single electron quantum optics in semiconductor systems and theory of mesoscopic and single electron transport.
Development of electrical precision measurement setups for the traceable measurement of ultra low currents and resistance quantization with ultimately low uncertainty.
Development of high temperature superconductor circuits for high frequency Josephson devices.
Application of electrical and magnetic quantum effects; control of fluxons and magnons in the quantum limit
Development and validation of macroscopic and nano-scale magnetic quantum standards
Validate the foundations of electrical quantum metrology by realizing the most precise measurement to date of the quantum metrology triangle.

Collaborative Innovations

Theory development for single electron quantum optics of single electron quantum optics (e.g.: Hong Ou Mandel) experiments (Recher TUBS, Hohls PTB)
Joint characterization of twisted layer graphene stacks by transport and optics (Recher TUBS, Tabataba-Vakili, Tschirner PTB)

TG Topological Systems

Scientific Output

Publications

Akmentinsh A, Reifert D, Weimann T, Pierz K, Kashcheyevs V, Ubbelohde N. Universal scaling of adiabatic tunneling out of a shallow confinement potential. Physical review applied. 2025 Okt 22;24(4):044068. doi: 10.1103/p146-f4r8

Bockhorn L, Appiah J, Kakuschke H, Thole L, Ukolov D, Lemmens P et al. Strain Effects in Bernal-Stacked Multi-Layer Graphene. ACS Applied Electronic Materials. 2025 Mai 27;7(10):4443-4449. Epub 2025 Mai 6. doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.5c00193

Höllmann D, Thole L, Locmelis S, Haug RJ. Size-Dependent Electrical Transport in ZrSe₃-Stripes. ACS Applied Electronic Materials. 2025 Mai 13;7(9):4049–4054. Epub 2025 Apr 25. doi: 10.1021/acsaelm.5c00251

Sifft M, Bayer JC, Hägele D, Haug RJ. Revealing hidden states in quantum dot array dynamics: Quantum polyspectra versus waiting time analysis. Physical Review B. 2025 Mai 9;111(20):205412. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.111.205412, 10.48550/arXiv.2412.14893

Bockhorn L, Schuh D, Reichl C, Wegscheider W, Haug RJ. Influence of the electron density on the giant negative magnetoresistance in two-dimensional electron gases. Physical Review B. 2024 Mai 13;109(20):205416. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.109.205416

Dani O, Hussein R, Bayer JC, Pierz K, Kohler S, Haug RJ. Direct measurement of spin-flip rates of a self-assembled InAs double quantum dot in single-electron tunneling. Physical Review B. 2024 Mär 15;109(12):L121404. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2310.11259, 10.1103/PhysRevB.109.L121404

Kaap F, Kissling C, Gaydamachenko V, Grünhaupt L, Lotkhov S. Demonstration of dual Shapiro steps in small Josephson junctions. Nature Communications. 2024 Okt 9;15(1):8726. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53011-z

Merboldt M, Schüler M, Schmitt D, Bange JP, Bennecke W, Gadge K et al. Observation of Floquet states in graphene. Nature Physics. 2024 Apr 19. Epub 2024 Apr 19. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2404.12791

Overney F, Eichenberger AL, Bauer S, Ortolano M, Marzano M, Yin Y et al. Longitudinal Impedance Measurements on Graphene QHE Devices. in 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2024 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2024. (CPEM Digest (Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements)). doi: 10.1109/CPEM61406.2024.10645982

Yin Y, Kruskopf M, Chatterjee A, Bauer S, Tschirner T, Gotz M et al. Quantum Hall Resistance Standards Based on Epitaxial Graphene with Different Doping Layer Sequence. in 2024 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, CPEM 2024 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 2024. (CPEM Digest (Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements)). doi: 10.1109/cpem61406.2024.10646126

Yin Y, Kruskopf M, Bauer S, Tschirner T, Pierz K, Hohls F et al. Quantum Hall resistance standards based on epitaxial graphene with p-type conductivity. Applied physics letters. 2024 Aug 5;125(6):064001. doi: 10.1063/5.0223723

Chatterjee A, Kruskopf M, Götz M, Yin Y, Pesel E, Gournay P et al. Performance and Stability Assessment of Graphene-Based Quantum Hall Devices for Resistance Metrology. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 2023;72:1-6. 1502206. doi: 10.1109/tim.2023.3280523

Pavlovska E, Silvestrov PG, Recher P, Barinovs G, Kashcheyevs V. Collision of two interacting electrons on a mesoscopic beam splitter: Exact solution in the classical limit. Physical Review B. 2023 Apr 7;107(16):165304. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.107.165304

Ritter PJ, Stapelfeldt FN, Tollkühn M, Hanisch D, Pröpper M, Schilling M et al. Antenna Designs for Efficient Coupling to Josephson Junctions for THz Microscopy. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 2023 Aug;33(5):1800705. Epub 2023 Feb 28. doi: 10.1109/tasc.2023.3249132

Ubbelohde N, Freise L, Pavlovska E, Silvestrov PG, Recher P, Kokainis M et al. Two electrons interacting at a mesoscopic beam splitter. Nature nanotechnology. 2023 Jul;18(7):733-740. Epub 2023 Mai 11. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2210.03632, 10.1038/s41565-023-01370-x

Dani O, Hussein R, Bayer JC, Kohler S, Haug RJ. Temperature-dependent broadening of coherent current peaks in InAs double quantum dots. Communications Physics. 2022 Nov 18;5(1):292. doi: 10.1038/s42005-022-01074-z

Frombach D, Recher P. Tunable effective length of fractional Josephson junctions. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter. 2022 Feb 23;34(16):164005. doi: 10.1088/1361-648X/ac4dbc

Hohls F, Kashcheyevs V, Stein F, Wenz T, Kaestner B, Schumacher HW. Controlling the error mechanism in a tunable-barrier nonadiabatic charge pump by dynamic gate compensation. Physical Review B. 2022 Mai 20;105(20):205425. doi: 10.1103/physrevb.105.205425

Tollkühn M, Ritter PJ, Schilling M, Hampel B. THz microscope for three-dimensional imaging with superconducting Josephson junctions. Review of scientific instruments. 2022 Apr 20;93(4):043708. doi: 10.1063/5.0084207

Yin Y, Chatterjee A, Momeni D, Kruskopf M, Götz M, Wundrack S et al. Tailoring Permanent Charge Carrier Densities in Epitaxial Graphene on SiC by Functionalization with F4‐TCNQ. Advanced Physics Research. 2022 Okt 1;1(1):2200015. doi: 10.1002/apxr.202200015

Brange F, Schmidt A, Bayer JC, Wagner T, Flindt C, Haug RJ. Controlled emission time statistics of a dynamic single-electron transistor. Science advances. 2021 Jan 6;7(2):eabe0793. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0793

Buonacorsi B, Sfigakis F, Shetty A, Tam MC, Kim HS, Harrigan SR et al. Non-adiabatic single-electron pumps in a dopant-free GaAs/AlGaAs 2DEG. Applied physics letters. 2021 Sep 13;119(11):114001. doi: 10.1063/5.0062486

Reifert D, Kokainis M, Ambainis A, Kashcheyevs V, Ubbelohde N. A random-walk benchmark for single-electron circuits. Nature Communications. 2021 Jan 12;12(1):285. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20554-w

Sakar B, Liu Y, Sievers S, Neu V, Lang J, Osterkamp C et al. Quantum calibrated magnetic force microscopy. Physical Review B. 2021 Dez 1;104(21):214427. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.104.214427

Sinterhauf A, Traeger GA, Momeni D, Pierz K, Schumacher HW, Wenderoth M. Unraveling the origin of local variations in the step resistance of epitaxial graphene on SiC: a quantitative scanning tunneling potentiometry study. CARBON. 2021 Okt 30;184:463-469. Epub 2021 Aug 20. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.08.050

Wundrack S, Momeni D, Dempwolf W, Schmidt N, Pierz K, Michaliszyn L et al. Liquid metal intercalation of epitaxial graphene: Large-area gallenene layer fabrication through gallium self-propagation at ambient conditions. Physical Review Materials. 2021 Feb;5(2):024006. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.024006

De Beule C, Dominguez F, Recher P. Aharonov-Bohm Oscillations in Minimally Twisted Bilayer Graphene. Physical review letters. 2020 Aug 28;125(9):096402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.096402

De Beule C, Silvestrov PG, Liu MH, Recher P. Valley splitter and transverse valley focusing in twisted bilayer graphene. Physical Review Research. 2020 Okt 28;2(4):043151. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043151

Freise L, Gerster T, Reifert D, Weimann T, Pierz K, Hohls F et al. Trapping and Counting Ballistic Nonequilibrium Electrons. Physical review letters. 2020 Mär 27;124(12):127701. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.127701

Frombach D, Recher P. Quasiparticle poisoning effects on the dynamics of topological Josephson junctions. Physical Review B. 2020 Mär 17;101(11):115304. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.101.115304

Hussein R, Kohler S, Bayer JC, Wagner T, Haug RJ. Spectral Properties of Stochastic Resonance in Quantum Transport. Physical review letters. 2020 Nov 10;125(20):206801. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2006.13773, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.206801

Momeni Pakdehi D, Schädlich P, Nguyen TTN, Zakharov AA, Wundrack S, Najafidehaghani E et al. Silicon Carbide Stacking-Order-Induced Doping Variation in Epitaxial Graphene. Advanced functional materials. 2020 Nov 4;30(45):2004695. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202004695

Novik EG, Trauzettel B, Recher P. Transport signatures of a junction between a quantum spin Hall system and a chiral topological superconductor. Physical Review B. 2020 Jun 15;101(23):235308. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.101.235308

Yang J, Nawrath C, Keil R, Joos R, Zhang X, Höfer B et al. Quantum dot-based broadband optical antenna for efficient extraction of single photons in the telecom O-band. Optics express. 2020 Jun 22;28(13):19457-19468. Epub 2020 Jun 17. doi: 10.1364/OE.395367

Beck M, Abrosimov NV, Hübner J, Oestreich M. Impact of optically induced carriers on the spin relaxation of localized electron spins in isotopically enriched silicon. Physical Review B. 2019 Jun 3;99(24):245201. doi: 10.1103/physrevb.99.245201

Elenskiy I, Tollkuhn M, Kajevic D, Martens M, Hampel B, Schilling M. Fabrication and Properties of Josephson Junction Cantilevers for Terahertz Applications. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 2019 Aug;29(5):8644010. doi: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2900217

Fatahilah MF, Strempel K, Yu F, Vodapally S, Waag A, Wasisto HS. 3D GaN nanoarchitecture for field-effect transistors. Micro and Nano Engineering. 2019 Mai;3:59-81. doi: 10.1016/j.mne.2019.04.001

Fatahilah MF, Yu F, Strempel K, Römer F, Maradan D, Meneghini M et al. Top-down GaN nanowire transistors with nearly zero gate hysteresis for parallel vertical electronics. Scientific reports. 2019 Dez 1;9(1):10301. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46186-9

Hampel B, Tollkuhn M, Elenskiy I, Martens M, Kajevic D, Schilling M. Josephson cantilevers for THz microscopy of additive manufactured diffractive optical components. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 2019 Jan 30;29(5):8630090. doi: 10.1109/tasc.2019.2896153

Wasisto HS, Prades JD, Gülink J, Waag A. Beyond solid-state lighting: Miniaturization, hybrid integration, and applications of GaN nano-and micro-LEDs. Applied physics reviews. 2019 Dez;6(4). doi: 10.1063/1.5096322

TG Members

Involved Members and their Relevant Expertise

Members	Institution	Relevant Expertise
Hans Werner Schumacher, Leader	PTB	Quantum Hall Metrology and materials; single electron pumps; diamond NV-centre-based magnetometry
Thomas Gerster	PTB	Macroscopic Quantum Standards
Patrik Recher	TUBS	Theory of Emergent Correlated Quantum Matter; Josephson Junctions; Twisted Bilayer Graphene; Twisted-bilayer-graphene physics in ultracold atoms in optical potentials
Rolf Haug	LUH	Two-dimensional materials, Electrical Quantum Effects, Magnetic Quantum Effects
Michael Oestreich	LUH	Spin and charge dynamics of single carriers in single semiconductor quantum dots
Meinhard Schilling	TUBS	Electronic Quantum Metrology; Optical Voltage Standard - Fast Prototyping and HTS Superconductors
Hansjörg Scherer	PTB	Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect with Topological Materials, Electrical quantum metrology
Oleksandr Dobrovolskiy	TUBS	Electrical and magnetic quantum effects, Control of fluxons and magnons in the quantum limit
Frank Hohls	PTB	Low-Dimensional Electron Systems
Claus Lämmerzahl	ZARM	Quantum Sensors in Free Fall; Relativistic Geodesy; Quantum Objects in Gravity
Farsane Tabataba-Vakili	TUBS	2D-Van-der-Waals materials, optical spectroscopy, excitons
Franziska Weickert	PTB	NMR, magnetic measurements, quantum magnetism
Teresa Tschirner	PTB	Epitaxial graphene and intercalated graphene hybrid systems
Dustin Wittbrodt	PTB	Single electron pumps
Johannes Bayer	PTB	Single electron effects, single electron pumps
Mark Bieler	PTB	Voltage and current metrology with superconducting quantum circuits, Josephson parametric amplifiers for the readout of microwave signals at the quantum limit
Ricarda Reuter	PTB	Scanning NV-Nanomagnetometry
Atasi Chatterjee	PTB	Quantum Hall metrology, graphene
Mattias Kruskopf	PTB	Quantum Hall metrology, graphene
Markus Molzahn	PTB	Low current metrology for airborne nanoparticles
Olfa Dani	LUH	Single electron transport
Zhaowen Liu	PTB	Quantum standard for the Tesla based on hyperpolarized He3
Marc Bothe	PTB	Epitaxial graphene and graphene hybrids
Davin Höllmann	PTB	Epitaxial graphene and graphene hybrids

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Contributions to QuantumFrontiers

Collaborative Innovations

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